Classification of minerals

According to the Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation Number 27 Year 1980, classification of minerals is divided into 3 groups :

a. Group strategic minerals are:

- Crude oil, liquid bitumen, wax earth, natural gas;

- Solid bitumen, asphalt;

- Anthracite, coal, coal young;

- Uranium, radium, thorium, and materials other radioaktip mining;

- Nickel, cobalt;

- Tin.

b. Group of vital minerals are:

- Iron, manganese, molibden, chrome, tungsten, vanadium, titan;

- Bauxite, copper, lead, zinc;

- Gold, platinum, silver, mercury, diamonds;

- Arsin, antimony, bismuth;

- Yttrium, rhutenium, metal-cerium and other rare metals;

- Berillium, corundum, zircon, quartz crystal;

- Kriolit, fluorpar, barit;

- Iodine, bromine, chlorine, sulfur;

c. Group of minerals that do not include a or b groups are:

- Nitrate-nitrate, phosphate, phosphate, rock salt (halite);

- Asbestos, talk, mica, graphite, magnesit;

- Yarosit, leusit, alum (alum), ocher;

- Precious stones, semi precious stones;

- Quartz sand, kaolin, feldspar, gypsum, bentonite;

- Pumice, mattress, obsidian, pearlite, diatome soil, soil absorption (fullers earth);

- Marble, slate;

- Limestone, dolomite, calcite;

- Granite, andesite, basalt, trakhit, clay, and sand does not contain all the elements of a mineral group or class b in the amount that means in terms of the mining economy. Read More

Type of mineral / mineral follow-up

In the implementation of mining activities, data on other minerals and mineral follow-up encountered should be recorded to prevent / avoid potential extractive neglected existence.
The presence of other minerals and minerals in the framework of follow-up mining activities may be disrupted during production operations, therefore there is potential that needs to be managed or treated to its economic value is not diminished or lost.
Possible use or handling of other minerals and mineral require completeness follow-up data on these minerals from exploration stage, so the data on other minerals and minerals presented in a follow-up to a complete and systematic as the basis of production operations planning and implementation of extractive conservation.

Type of mineral / mineral follow-up assessment categories based on class technology resources and mineral reserves and mineral follow-up can be classified into 3 (three) types namely:
1. Type 1: Material other minerals / mineral exploitation potential follow-up, the group of other minerals / mineral follow-up that has a high potential to be made.
2. Type 2: Materials other minerals / mineral development potential follow-up, the group of other minerals / mineral potential follow-up was / middle and have the possibility to be developed as a commodity mining business.
3. Type 3: other extractive materials / mineral resource potential follow-up, the group of other minerals / mineral follow-up with low potency can not be developed as a commodity mining business. Read More

What is Zinc ?

Zinc is a metallic chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. This is the first row of the transition metals of group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is approximately 75 ppm (0.007%) of the crust, so the 24 most abundant element there. The seawater is only 30 ppb zinc, and the atmosphere contains 0.1 to 4 ng/m³.

The main application of zinc corrosion resistant galvanized steel. Other applications of the batteries and alloys such as brass. Sphalerite, zinc is the most important zinc ore. Including the production of zinc roasting, leaching, and in the finals to win pyrometallurgic winning or electriowinning.

Sphalerite (ZNS), usually in combination with other metals such as copper and lead ores. Therefore, the phase in the zinc sulfide minerals. Sphalerite, which is a form of zinc is the most heavily mined ore containing zinc, 60-62% as zinc.

A variety of zinc compounds to find industrial applications, such as zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc Pyrithione (Anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc (in luminescent paints), zinc and organic methyl or zinc diethyl in the laboratory. Approximately one quarter of the production of zinc in the form of zinc compounds.

Zinc, in the context, the plaintext is a blue-white shiny metal diamagnetic, although most commercial varieties of metal with a metal mat finish.The hard and brittle, but the temperatures in most malleable will be 100 to 150 ° C. Zinc is a good conductor of electricity. The melting point is the lowest of all transition metals, except mercury and cadmium.

Many zinc alloys, including brass, an alloy of zinc and copper. Other metals, such as the binary zinc alloys, aluminum, antimony, bismuth, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin, magnesium, cobalt, nickel, sodium and tellurium.

Other minerals, zinc, due to smithsonite (zinc carbonate), hemimorphite (zinc silicate), Wurtzite (excluding zinc) and sometimes hydrozincite (basic zinc carbonate).

Zinc is an essential mineral necessary for the preservation of all life. Enzymes in a zinc atom in the center of the reaction in biochemistry, such as alcohol in humans. The consumption of higher concentrations of zinc can lead to ataxia, lethargy and a lack of copper.

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (Latin: cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is rather soft and malleable and a freshly-exposed surface has a pinkish or peachy color. Gold, caesium and copper are the only metallic elements with a natural color other than gray or white. It is used as a thermal conductor, an electrical conductor, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys.
Copper compounds are known in several oxidation states, usually 2+, where they often impart blue or green colors to natural minerals such as turquoise and have been used historically widely as pigments. Copper as both metal and pigmented salt, has a significant presence in decorative art.
Copper 2+ ions are soluble in water, where they function at low concentration as bacteriostatic substances and fungicides. For this reason copper metal can be used as an anti-germ surface that can add to the anti-bacterial and antimicrobial features of buildings such as hospitals.
Copper has a reddish, orangish, or brownish color because a thin layer of tarnish (including oxides) gradually forms on its surface when gases (especially oxygen) in the air react with it. But pure copper, when fresh, is actually a pinkish or peachy metal. When copper is burnt in oxygen it gives off a black oxide.
Copper can be found as native copper in mineral form (for example, in Michigan's Keewenaw Peninsula). Minerals such as the sulfides: chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4), covellite (CuS), chalcocite (Cu2S) are sources of copper, as are the carbonates: azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2) and malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2) and the oxide: cuprite (Cu2O).
Copper is easily worked, being both ductile and malleable. The ease with which it can be drawn into wire makes it useful for electrical work in addition to its excellent electrical properties. Copper can be machined, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts, such as threaded components, to get really good machinability characteristics. Good thermal conduction make it useful for heatsinks and in heat exchangers. Copper has good corrosion resistance, but not as good as gold. It has excellent brazing and soldering properties and can also be welded, although best results are obtained with gas metal arc welding.
Copper is normally supplied, as with nearly all metals for industrial and commercial use, in a fine grained polycrystalline form. Polycrystalline metals have greater strength than monocrystalline forms, and the difference is greater for smaller grain (crystal) sizes. The reason is due to the inability of stress dislocations in the crystal structure to cross the grain boundaries.
Copper is malleable and ductile and is a good conductor of both heat and electricity Read More

Pyrite

The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is an iron sulfide with the formula FeS2. This mineral's metallic luster and pale-to-normal, brass-yellow hue have earned it the nickname fool's gold due to its resemblance to gold. Pyrite is the most common of the sulfide minerals.
Pyrite is usually found associated with other sulfides or oxides in quartz veins, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock, as well as in coal beds, and as a replacement mineral in fossils. Despite being nicknamed fool's gold, small quantities of gold are sometimes found associated with pyrite. Gold and arsenic occur as a coupled substitution in the pyrite structure. In the Carlin, Nevada gold deposit, arsenian pyrite contains up to 0.37 wt% gold. Auriferous pyrite is a valuable ore of gold.
Pyrite exposed to the atmosphere during mining and excavation reacts with oxygen and water to form sulfate, resulting in acid mine drainage. This acidity results from the action of Acidithiobacillus bacteria, which generate their energy by oxidizing ferrous iron (Fe2+) to ferric iron (Fe3+) using oxygen. The ferric iron in turn attacks the pyrite to produce ferrous iron and sulfate. The ferrous iron is then available for oxidation by the bacterium; this cycle continues until the pyrite is depleted.
Pyrite is used commercially for the production of sulfur dioxide, for use in such applications as the paper industry, and in the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
During the early years of the 20th century, pyrite was used as a mineral detector in radio receivers, and to this day is so used by 'crystal radio' hobbyists. Until the vacuum tube matured, the crystal detector was the most sensitive and dependable detector available- with considerable variation between mineral types and even individual samples within a particular type of mineral. The most sensitive mineral was galena, which was very sensitive also to mechanical vibration, and easily knocked off the sensitive point; the most stable were perikon mineral pairs; and midway between was the pyrites detector, which is approximately as sensitive as a modern 1N34A diode detector.
Pyrite has been proposed as an abundant inexpensive material in low cost photovoltaic solar panels. Read More

What is Mineralogy ?

Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization.

The study of mineralogy was founded on the principles of crystallography and microscopic study of rock sections with the invention of the microscope in the 17th century

Historically, mineralogy was heavily concerned with taxonomy of the rock-forming minerals; to this end, the International Mineralogical Association is an organization whose members represent mineralogists in individual countries. Its activities include managing the naming of minerals (via the Commission of New Minerals and Mineral Names), location of known minerals, etc. As of 2004 there are over 4,000 species of mineral recognized by the IMA. Of these, perhaps 150 can be called "common," another 50 are "occasional," and the rest are "rare" to "extremely rare."

More recently, driven by advances in experimental technique (such as neutron diffraction) and available computational power, the latter of which has enabled extremely accurate atomic-scale simulations of the behaviour of crystals, the science has branched out to consider more general problems in the fields of inorganic chemistry and solid-state physics. It, however, retains a focus on the crystal structures commonly encountered in rock-forming minerals (such as the perovskites, clay minerals and framework silicates). In particular, the field has made great advances in the understanding of the relationship between the atomic-scale structure of minerals and their function; in nature, prominent examples would be accurate measurement and prediction of the elastic properties of minerals, which has led to new insight into seismological behaviour of rocks and depth-related discontinuities in seismograms of the Earth's mantle. To this end, in their focus on the connection between atomic-scale phenomena and macroscopic properties, the mineral sciences (as they are now commonly known) display perhaps more of an overlap with materials science than any other discipline.

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What is manganese ?

Manganese is a chemical element that is designated by the symbol Mn and has an atomic number of 25. Manganese (Mn) is a gray-white to silvery metal with a moderate melting temperature and relatively high specific gravity (7.2 to 7.4). It is found as the free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. The free element is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses. In steel, manganese improves rolling and forging qualities, strength, toughness, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness, and hardenability.Manganese ions are variously colored, and are used industrially as pigments and as oxidation chemicals. Manganese (II) ions function as cofactors for a number of enzymes; the element is thus a required trace mineral for all known living organisms.Manganese occurs principally as pyrolusite (MnO2), braunite, (Mn2+Mn3+6SiO12), psilomelane (Ba(Mn2+)(Mn4+)8O16(OH)4), and to a lesser extent as rhodochrosite (MnCO3). The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis. Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed. Over 80% of the known world manganese resources are found in South Africa and Ukraine. Other important manganese deposits are in China, Australia, Brazil, Gabon, India, Mexico and Indonesia.
Manganese minerals are widely distributed; oxides, silicates, and carbonates are the most common. The discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the floor of the oceans may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese, together with many other elements in lesser abundance.
Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. Steelmaking, including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand, presently in the range of 85% to 90% of the total demand. Among a variety of other uses, manganese is a key component of low-cost stainless steel formulations and certain widely used aluminium alloys.
Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent.
The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells, and is used to "decolorize" glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine, and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine.
Trace amounts of manganese are very important to good health. It makes bones strong yet flexible, and it aids the body in absorbing Vitamin B1. It also is an important activator for the body to use enzymes. As little as 0.00002% Mn in the human body is essential. Studies have shown that a lack of manganese leads to infertility in animals.
Manganese (Mn) is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties. Steelmaking, including its ironmaking component, accounts for most domestic manganese demand, presently in the range of 85% to 90% of the total. Manganese ferroalloys, consisting of various grades of ferromanganese and silicomanganese, are used to provide most of this key ingredient to steelmaking. Products for construction, machinery, and transportation are leading end uses of manganese. Manganese also is a key component of certain widely used aluminum alloys and, in oxide form, dry cell batteries. As ore, additional quantities of manganese are used for such nonmetallurgical purposes as plant fertilizers, animal feed, and colorants for brick.
Manganese combined with other elements is widely distributed in the Earth’s crust. The most important ores consist primarily of manganese dioxide (MnO2) in the form of pyrolusite, romanechite, and wad. Manganese is essential to plant growth and is involved in the reduction of nitrates in green plants and algae. It is an essential trace element in higher animals, in which it participates in the action of many enzymes. Lack of manganese causes testicular atrophy. An excess of this element in plants and animals is toxic.
More than 95 percent of the manganese produced is used in the form of ferromanganese and silicomanganese alloys for iron and steel manufacture. Manganese ores containing iron oxides are first reduced in blast furnaces or electric furnaces with carbon to yield ferromanganese, which in turn is used in steelmaking. Adding manganese, which has a greater affinity for sulfur than does iron, converts the low-melting iron sulfide in steel to high-melting manganese sulfide. Produced without manganese, steel breaks up when hot-rolled or forged. Steels generally contain less than 1 percent manganese. Manganese steel, also called Hadfield steel, is used for very rugged service; containing 12–14 percent manganese, it provides a hard, wear-resistant, and self-renewing surface over a tough unbreakable core. Pure manganese produced electrolytically is used mostly in the preparation of nonferrous alloys of copper, aluminum, magnesium, and nickel and in the production of high-purity chemicals. Practically all commercial alloys of aluminum and magnesium contain manganese to improve corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
The principal industrial compounds of manganese include several oxides. Manganous oxide, or manganese monoxide, MnO, is used as a starting material for the production of manganous salts, as an additive in fertilizers, and as a reagent in textile printing. It occurs in nature as the green mineral manganosite. It also can be prepared commercially by heating manganese carbonate in the absence of air or by passing hydrogen or carbon monoxide over manganese dioxide.
Total world production of manganese alloys reached 11.8 million metric tons, up by 14% from 2005. As in past years, manganese alloy production was dominated by China, producing approximately 42% (4.9 million mt). All other regions of the world showed marked increases in production except Japan and the Americas, which saw decreases of 15% and 18% respectively.
Chinese measures to control production and consolidate the industry continued with the the implementation of a 10% export tax on manganese alloys. They have also applied strict licensing regulations, having approved roughly 200 ferroalloy producers. Non-approved producers will face higher energy prices, through the use of a discriminatory energy tarriff. These measures are meant to reduce overcapacity, with current utilization estimated to be at only 48%.
Preliminary data (gross weight) for November 2007 indicate that consumption of manganese or containing 35% or more manganese, exclusive of that consumed at oron and steel plant, was 23,800 metric tons(t), according to U.S. Geological Survey, this was a 20% decrease from that in October 2007.
Coresponding industry stocks of ore at the end of November 2007 were 101,00 t, which was a 12% decrease from those at the end of October 2007. These data include estimates for annual respondents on the basic of 2006 data. Read More

What is geology ?

Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structure, physical properties, dynamics, and history of Earth materials, and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed. The field is a major academic discipline, and is also important for mineral and hydrocarbon extraction, knowledge about and mitigation of natural hazards, some engineering fields, and understanding past climates and environments.

Geologists use a number of field, laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher Earth history and understand the processes that occur on and in the Earth. In typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information related to petrology (the study of rocks), stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers), and structural geology (the study of positions of rock units and their deformation). In many cases, geologists also study modern soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical pathways, and use geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface.

Geologists and geophysicists study natural hazards in order to enact safe building codes and warning systems that are used to prevent loss of property and life. Examples of important natural hazards that are pertinent to geology (as opposed those that are mainly or only pertinent to meteorology) are: Avalanches, Earthquakes, Floods, Landslides and debris flows, River channel migration and avulsion, Liquefaction, Sinkholes, Subsidence, Tsunamis, Volcanoes.

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What is Calcium ?

Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Calcium is also the fifth most abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfate.
Calcium is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, where movement of the calcium ion Ca2+ into and out of the cytoplasm functions as a signal for many cellular processes. As a major material used in mineralization of bones and shells, calcium is the most abundant metal by mass in many animals.
Calcium is not naturally found in its elemental state. Calcium occurs most commonly in sedimentary rocks in the minerals calcite, dolomite and gypsum. It also occurs in igneous and metamorphic rocks chiefly in the silicate minerals: plagioclase, amphiboles, pyroxenes and garnets.

Some Applications of calsium uses are :
• as a reducing agent in the extraction of other metals, such as uranium, zirconium, and thorium.
• as a deoxidizer, desulfurizer, or decarbonizer for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys.
• as an alloying agent used in the production of aluminium, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys.
• in the making of cements and mortars to be used in construction.
• in the making of cheese, where calcium ions influence the activity of rennin in bringing about the coagulation of milk.
There are many kinds of Calcium compounds as
• Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) used in manufacturing cement and mortar, lime, limestone (usually used in the steel industry); aids in production in the glass industry, also has chemical and optical uses as mineral specimens in toothpastes
• Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) is used as a supplement for animal feed, fertilizer, in commercial production for dough and yeast products, in the manufacture of glass, and in dental products.
• Calcium sulfate (CaSO4•2H2O) is used as common blackboard chalk, as well as, in its hemihydrate form being more well known as Plaster of Paris.
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one of the common compounds of calcium. It is heated to form quicklime (CaO), which is then added to water (H2O).
When water percolates through limestone or other soluble carbonate rocks, it partially dissolves the rock and causes cave formation and characteristic stalactites and stalagmites and also forms hard water. Read More

What is Mining ?

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock salt and potash. Any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense comprises extraction of any non-renewable resource (e.g., petroleum, natural gas, or even water).

Mining of stone and metal has been done since pre-historic times. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials and finally reclamation of the land to prepare it for other uses once the mine is closed. The nature of mining processes creates a potential negative impact on the environment both during the mining operations and for years after the mine is closed. This impact has led to most of the world's nations adopting regulations to moderate the negative effects of mining operations. Safety has long been a concern as well, though modern practices have improved safety in mines significantly. Mining today is able to profitably and safely recover minerals with little negative impact to the environment.

Steps of mine development

The process of mining from discovery of an ore body through extraction of minerals and finally to returning the land to its natural state consists of several distinct steps. The first is discovery of the ore body, which is carried out through prospecting or exploration to find and then define the extent, location and value of the ore body. This leads to a mathematical resource estimation to estimate the size and grade of the deposit. This estimation is used to conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work. The next step is to conduct a feasibility study to evaluate the financial viability, technical and financial risks and robustness of the project. This is when the mining company makes the decision to develop the mine or to walk away from the project. This includes mine planning to evaluate the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, the metallurgy and ore recoverability, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering concerns, milling and infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements and an analysis of the proposed mine from the initial excavation all the way through to reclamation. Once the analysis determines a given ore body is worth recovering, development begins to create access to the ore body. The mine buildings and processing plants are built and any necessary equipment is obtained. The operation of the mine to recover the ore begins and continues as long as the company operating the mine finds it economical to do so. Once all the ore that the mine can produce profitably is recovered, reclamation begins to make the land used by the mine suitable for future use.

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Feldspar

Felspar

Felspar adalah nama kelompok mineral yang terdiri atas potasium, sodium dan kalsium alumino silikat. Pada umumnya kelompok ini terbentuk oleh proses pneumatolitis dan hidrotermal yang membentuk urat pegmatit. Felspar ditemukan pada batuan beku, batuan erupasi dan metamorfosa, baik bersifat asam maupun basa.

Bersasarkan keterdapatannya endapan felspar dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu endapan felspar primer, diagenetik, aluvial. Felspar primer terdapat dalam batuan granitis, felspar diagenetik terdapat dalam batuan sedimen piroklastik, sedangkan felspar aluvial terdapat dalam batuan yang telah emngalami metamorfosa. Felspar yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis yang baik adalah felspar yang berasal dari batuan asam.

Secara mineralogi felspar dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 2 kelompok mineral yaitu alkali felspar dam plagioklas. Felspar mempunyai nilai kekesaran 6 – 6,5 skala Mosh, berat jenis 2,4 – 2,8, warna dari putih keabu-abuan, merah jambu, coklat, kuning dan hijau.

Felspar adalah mineral alumina anhidrat silikat yang berasosiasi dengan unsur Kalium (K), Natrium (Na) dan Calsium (Ca) dalam perbandingan yang beragam. Mutu felspar ditentukan oleh kandungan oksida kimia K₂O dan Na₂O yang relatif tinggi diatas 6%, oksida Fe₂O₃ dan TiO_2.

Felspar digunakan di berbagai industri, sebagai bahan pelebur/perekat pada suhu tinggi, pembuatan keramik halus seperti barang pecah belah, saniter, isolasi dan industri gelas/kaca.

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Zeolite

Zeolite nature was the compound alumino-silicate terhidrasi with the main element that consist of kation the alkali and the land alkali. This compound berstruktur three dimensions and had pores that could be filled by the water molecule.

The geology of sediment zeolite was formed because of the process of the volcanic dust sedimentation in the lake environment that was shaped like an alkali, the process diagenetik (metamorphism low-level) and the hydrothermal process.

The mineral zeolite that was most general was encountered was (Na,K)₂O, Al₂O₃. 10 SiO₂. 8H₂O. Perbandingan between the atom The and Al that varied will produce many kinds or the species zeolite that was met in the wild. There were more than 50 kinds zeolite, but the framer's mineral zeolite biggest had 9 kinds, that is analsim, khabazit, klinoptilolit, erionit, mordenit, ferrierit, heulandit, laumontit and fillipsit. In Indonesia the kind zeolit the most was klinoptilolit and mordenit.

The use zeolit generally was based on the characteristics of chemistry and physics zeolit, like the absorber, change kation and the catalyst, that is used in the agricultural field, the plantation, livestock breeding, fisheries, the industry, energy

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Bentonite

Bentonite was the term from clay monmorilonit that was known in the world of the trade and including the group dioktohedral. The geology of bentonit happened from results of the weathering, hydrothermal, resulting from the transformation and the sedimentation.

There were 2 types from bentonite that is:

1. The Wyoming type (Na-betonite) Bentonite this had the capacity to expand through to eight times if being dipped in water and continue to dispertion some time in water. The use from bentonite this type was as mud in drilling, the production pellet the iron ore, the plug and the pond of dam baldness, the adhesive, the filler. In the dry situation was white or cream, in the wet and affected situation the sun rays will be coloured, had the pH 8.5 of – 9,8

2. Mg, Ca-bentonite (Sub- bentonite-Meta Bentonite)
Bentonite this not all that expanded if being dipped into water, had the pH 4-7. In the dry situation was grey, blue, yellow, red and brown. The use for the process of purification of cooking oil, the fuel oil cleaner, cooking oil, the pharmacy, paper, the ceramics, the production of Na-bentonite synthetic.

Bentonite had the capacity that was high to clear up the colour like in the processing of oil that came from the animal or plants. Read More

Calcite Mineral

Sediment calsite was results retructurisation the limestone that crystallised after experiencing the process of the dissolving. Generally happened to the limestone or marble in the period crystalin that be stratified and took the form of the stalagtite and stalagmit.

Calsite that composition chemistry CaCO₃ could be found in the pure situation and not, depended on the content of his polluter's mineral. The polluter's mineral was formed because of the existence subtitution the Ca element by the element of metal like Mg, Fe, Mn. In the certain percentage of the polluter's mineral calsite will form the other lime mineral like dolomite, ankerit and kutnakorit.

Calsite had the form prismatik, tabular, rhombohedral, massive, sorting rough until very soft. The specific gravity Calsit pure was 2.71. Calsite pure was not coloured and transparent, the colour will change in accordance with subtitusi that happened like yellow, pink, blue, lavender, greenness, grey, black. Had the level of the violence 3 in the Mohs scale, the crack rhombohedral.

Sediment calsite most were found in the form of lenses or were the association of other mineral sediment, and rarely was found sediment calsit pure in the big measurement.

Calsite was utilised for the need of agriculture, the chemical industry, the food industry, the metallurgy industry, the construction industry.

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